Sprite Bibliography
last updated 7/19/2000

Abel, B. and R.M. Thorne, 1998:Electron scattering loss in Earth's inner magnetosphere, 1, dominant physical processes. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 2385-2396.

Adams, C.D.D. and R.L. Dowden, 1990:VLF group delay of lightning-induced electron precipitation echoes from measurement of phase and amplitude perturbations at two frequencies. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 2457-2462.

Afraimovich, E.L., K.S. Palamartchouk, N.P. Perevalova and V.V. chernukhov, 1998:Ionospheric effects of the solar eclipse of March 9, 1997, as deduced from GPS data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 465-468.

Aikin, A.C. and N.C Maynard, 1990:A Van de Graaf source mechanism for middle atmospheric vertical electric fields. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 695-705.

Alexander, M.J., J.R. Holton and D.R. Durran, 1995:The gravity wave response above deep convection in a squall line simulation. J. Atmos. Res., 52, 2212-2226.

Alexander, M.J. and L. Pfister, 1995:Gravity wave momentum flux in the lower stratosphere over convection. Geophys. Res. Letters, 22, 2029-2032.

Ali, A.W., 1986:Intense and short pulse electric field (dc and microwave) air breakdown parameters. NRL Memo. Rep., 5815, 30 pp.

Allan, R., J. Lindsay and D. Parker, 1996:El Nino Southern Oscillation and Climate Variability, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia.

Allen, N.L. and A. Ahaffar, 1995:The conditions required for the propagation of a cathode-directed positive streamern in air. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 26, 331-337.

Allen, D.J., R.B. Rood, A.M. Thompson and R.D. Hudson, 1996:Three-dimensional radon222 calculations using assimilated meteorological data and a convective mixing algorithm. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6871-6881.

Al'Pert, Yakov L., 1973:Radio Wave Propagation and the Ionosphere, 2nd edition, Vol. 2: Propagation of electromagnetic waves near the earth, Consultants Bureau, NY.

Amarasekera, K.N., R.F. Lee, E.R. Williams and E.A.B. Eltahir, 1997:ENSO and the natural variability of tropical rivers, J. Hydrology, 200, 24-39.

Ancellet, G.M., M. Beekmann and A. Papayannis, 1994:Impact of a cutoff lowdevelopment on downward transport of ozone in the troposphere. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3451-3468. Anderson, R.R., et al, 1982:Plasma waves near the magnetopause. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 2087.

Andreassen, O., B.N. Andersen and C.E. Wasberg, 1992:Gravity wave and convection interaction in the solar interior. Astron. Astrophys., 257 (2), 763-769.

Andreassen, O., I. Lie and C.E. Wasberg, 1994a:The spectral viscosity method applied to simulation of waves in a stratified atmosphere. J. Comput. Phys., 110, 257-273.

Andreassen, O., C.E. Wasberg, D.C. Fritts and J.R. Isler, 1994b:Gravity wave breaking in two and three dimensions, 1, Model description and comparison of two-dimensional evolutions. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8095-8108.

Andrews, D.G., J.R. Holton and C.B. Leovy, 1987:Middle Atmospheric Dynamics, Academic, San Diego, CA, 489 pp.

Anyamba, E., E. Williams, J. Susskind , M. Fuellekrug, and A. Fraser-Smith, Anyamba, E., E. Williams, J. Susskind, A. Fraser-Smith and M. Fullekrug, 2000:The manifestation of the madden-julian oscillation in global deep convection and in the Schumann resonance intensity. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1029-1044.

Anyamba, E., E. Williams, J. Susskind, A. Fraser-Smith and M. Fullekrug, 1999:A study of intraseasonal oscillations in global deep convection and in the Schumann resonance intensity. 23rd Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology (Vol II), Dallas, TX, 727-730.

Appenzeller, C., H.C. Davies and W.A. Norton, 1996:Fragmentation of stratospheric intrusions. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1435-1456. Appleton, E.V. and R. Naismith, 1947: The radio detection of meteor trails and allied phenomena. Proc. Phys. Soc., 59, 461 - .

Argo, P.E., M. Kirkland, A. Jacobson, R. Massey, D. Suszynsky, K. Eack, T.J. Fitzgerald, D. Smith, 1999:Satellite observations of transient radio impulses from thunderstorms. Proc. 11th Int'l Conf. on Atmos. Electricity, Guntersville, AL, 680-683.

Argo, P.E., A. Jacobson, S. Knox, 1999:Geolocation of recurrent-emission lightnigh storms usings the FORTE satellite. J. Geophys. Res. (submitted.)

Arkin, P.A. and P. Xie, 1994:The global precipitation climatology project: first algorithm intercomparison project. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 401.

Armstrong, R.A. J.A. Shorter, M.J. Taylor, D.M. Suszcynsky, W.A. Lyons, and L.S. Jeong, 1998: Photometric measurements in the SPRITES '95 and '96 Campaigns of nitrogen second positive (399.8 nm) and first negative (427.8 nm) emissions. J. Atmos. and Solar-Terrest. Phys., 60, 787-799.

Armstrong, R.A., J.A. Shorter, W.A. Lyons, L.S. Jeong and W.A.M. Blumberg, 1996:Photometric measurements in the SPRITES'95 Campaign: Evidence for Nitrogen First Negative (4278A) emission, Geophys. Res. Lett. (in preparation.)

Armstrong, R.A., J.A. Shorter, W.A. Lyons, B. Carron and W.A.M. Blumberg, 1996:Assessment of nitric oxide formation in discharge regions above thunderstorms. Geophys. Res. Letts. (in preparation).

Armstrong, R.A., D.M. Suszcynsky, W.A. Lyons and T.E. Nelson, 2000:Multi-color photometric measurements of ionization and energies in sprites. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27(5), 653.

Armstrong, R.A., 1998, private communication, Dr. Russel Armstrong, Director Geophysics and Information Technologies Sector, Mission Research Comporation, NH.

Armstrong, W.C., 1983:Recent advances from studies of the Trimpi effect. Antarct. J. U.S., 18, 281-283.

Ashmore, S.E., 1950:Unusual lightning, Weather, 5, 331. Asker, J.R. and W.B. Scott, 1994:Huge storm flashes baffle scientists. Aviation Week & Space Technology, August.

Atlas, D, 1958:Radar lightning echoes and atmospherics in vertical Cross section. Proc., Roy. Meteor. Soc., London, 441-459.

Babaeva, N.Y. and G.V. Naidis, 1997:Dynamics of positive and negative streamers in air in weak uniform electric fields. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 28, 331.

Babich, L.P., 1982:A new type of ionization wave and the mechanism of polarization self-acceleration of electrons in gas discharge at high overvoltages. Sov. Phys. Dokl., 27, 215.

Baginski, M.E., L.C. Hale, J.J. Olivero, 1988:Lightning-related fields in the ionosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 764-767.

Balser, M. and C.A. Wagner, 1960:Observations of earth-ionosphere cavity resonances. Nature, 188, 638.

Balsiger, F., E. Koop, M. Fredrich, K.M. Torkar and U. Walchli, 1993:Small-scale structure of O2+ and proton hydrates in a noctilucent cloud and polar mesospheric summer echo of August 9/10, 1991 above Kiruna. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20-2315-2318.

Balsley, B.B., W.L. Ecklund, D.A. Carter, A.C. Riddle, and K.S. Gage, 1988:Average vertical motions in the tropical atmosphere observed by a radar wind profiler on Pohnpei (7 N latitude, 157 E longitude), J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 396-405.

Bamber, D.J., P.G.W. Healey, B.M.R. Jones S.A Penkett, A.F. Tuck and G. Vaughan, 1984:Vertical profiles of tropospheric gases: Chemical consequences of stratospheric intrusions. Atmos. Environ., 18, 1759-1766.

Banks, P.M. and G. Kockarts, 1973:Aeronomy, Academic Press, NY. Bannister, P.R., 1986:simplified formulas for ELF propagation at shorter distances. Radio Sci., 21, 529.

Barath, F.T., et al., 1993:The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder instrument. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 10751-10762.

Barker, B., M. Clark, P. Davis, M. Fisk, M. Edlin, H. Israelsson, V. Khalturin, W-Y Kim, K. McGlaughlin, C. Meade, J. Murphy, R. North, J. Orcutt, C. Powell, P.G. Richards, R. Stead, J. Stevens, F. Vernon, T. Wallace, 1998: Monitoring nuclear tests. Science, 281, 1967.

Barr, R., 1987:The diffraction of VLF radio waves by the Antarctic ice cap. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 49, 1.

Barrington-Leigh, C.P. and U.S. Inan, 1999:Spatial extent and spectral characteristics of elves triggered by positive and negative lightning discharges. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26.

Barrington-Leigh, U.S. Inan, M. Stanley and S.A. Cummer, 1999:Sprites triggered by negative lightning discharges. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3605-3608.

Barrington-Leigh, C.P., and U.S. Inan, 1999:Elves triggered by positive and negative lightning discharges. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 683-686.

Barrington-Leigh, C.P., U.S. Inan, and M. Stanley, 2000:Identification of sprites and elves with intensified video and broadband array photometry. J.Geophys. Res.

Barrington-Leigh, C.P., U.S. Inan and M. Stanley, 1997:Fast multi-channel photometry, broadband sferics and intensified video observations of sprites and elves over southwestern United States and Mexico. EOS, GU, 78, p.F69.

Barry, R.G. and R.J. Chorley, 1987: Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, 5th ed., Methuen, London.

Basu, S., S. Basu, A.L. Johnson, J.A. Klobuchar and C.M. Rush, 1980:Preliminary results of scintillation measurements associated with ionospheric heating and possible implication for solar power satellite. Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 609.

Bateman, M.G., R.J. Blakeslee, J.C. Bailey, M.F. Steward and A.K. Blair, 1999:High altitude aircraft-based electric field measurements above thunderstorms. Proc. 11th Int'l Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Guntersville, AL, 527-529.

Bauer, K., W. Lyons, N. Petit and J. Schuh, 1989:National Lightning Detection - A Real-Time Service to Aerospace. 27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, AIAA, 8 pp.

Bazelyan, E.M. and Y.P. Raizer, 1997:Spark Discharge, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Beasley, W.H., K.B. Eack, H.E. Morris, W.D. Rust and D.R. MacGorman, 2000:Electric field changes of lightning observed in and above thunderstorms. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 189-192.

Beasley, W.H., M.A. Uman, P.L Rustan, 1982:Electric fields preceding cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 4883-4902.

Bedard, A.J., Jr., W.A. Lyons, R.A. Armstrong, T.E. Nelson, B. Hill and S. Gallagher, 1999:A search for low-frequency atmospheric acoustic waves associated with sprites, blue jets, elves and storm electrical activity. Fall Meeting, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, EOS Trans., 80(46).

Bedard, A.J., 1998:Infrasonic detection of severe weather. Proc. 19th Conf. on Severe Storms, AMS, Minneapolis, 4 pp.

Bell, T.F., V.P. Pasko and U.S. Inan, 1995:Runaway electrons as a source of Red Sprites in the mesosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2127-2130.

Bell, T.F., S.C. Reising and U.S. Inan, 1998:Intense continuing currents following positive cloud-to- ground lightning associated with red sprites. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1285-1288.

Belyaev, P.P., S.V. Polyakov, V.O. Rapoport and V.Yu. Trakhtengerts, 1990:The ionospheric Alfven resonator. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 781-788.

Benesch, W., J. Morrill, E. Bucsela, C. Seifring, S. Berg, V. Pasko, M. Heavner and E. Wescott, 1997:Model results of time-resolved visible and UV molecular nitrogen emissions in sprites. Oral presentation at Fall AGU Meeting.

Bent, R.B. and W.A. Lyons, 1984:Theoretical Evaluations and Initial Operational Experiences of LPATS (Lightning Position and Tracking System) to Monitor Lightning Ground Strikes Using a Time of Arrival (TOA) Technique. Preprints, 7th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Albany, NY, AMS, 317-24.

Berger, K., 1972:Methods and results ofresearch on lightning on Mount Sal Salvatore. Bull, 63, 1403-1422.

Berger, K., R.B. Anderson and H. Kroninger, 1975:Parameters of lightning flashes. Electra, 80, 23.

Bering, E.A. and J.R. Benbrook 1995:Intense 2.3-Hz electric field pulsations in the stratosphere at high auroral latitude. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7791-7806.

Bering, E.A. III, A.A. Few and J.R. Benbrook, 1998:The Global Electric Circuit. Physics Today, 24-29.

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Bess, T.S., G.L. Smith, and T.P. Charlock, 1989:A ten-year monthly data set of outgoing longwave radiation from Nimbus-6 and Nimbus-7 satellites, Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 70, 480-489, 1989.

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Bhar, J.N. and P. Syam, 1937:Effect of thunderstorms and magnetic storms on the ionization of the Kennelly-Heaviside layer. Phil. Mag. S. 7, 23.

Bills, R.E. and C.S. Gardner, 1993:Lidar observations of the mesopause region temperature structure at Urbana. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1011-1021.

Birdsall, C.K. and A.B. Langdon, 1985:Plasma physics, via computer simulation. McGraw-Hill Book Company.

Bjerknes, J. 1969:Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific, Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 163-172.

Black, P.G., R.A. Black, J. Hallett and W.A. Lyons, 1986:Electrical Activity of the Hurricane. J. Sessions, 23rd Conf. on Radar Meteor. and Conf. on Cloud Physics. AMS, Snowmass, & 277-J280.

Blake, D.F. and K. Kato, 1995:Latitudinal distribution of black carbon soot in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 100, D4, 7195-7202.

Blakeslee, R.J., H.J. Christian and B. Vonnegut, 1989:Electrical measurements over thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13135-13140.

Bliokh, P.V., A.P. Nikolaenko and Y.F. Filippov, 1980:Schumann Resonances in the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity. Peter Perigrinus, London.

Boccippio, D.J., C. Wong, E.R. Williams, R. Boldi, H.J. Christian and S.J. Goodman, 1996:Global validation of single station Schumann resonance lightning detection. J. Atmospheric Electricity (Supplement - 10th Intl. Conf on Atmospheric Electricity), 16, 4 pp.

Boccippio, D.J., E.R. Williams, W.A. Lyons, I Baker and R. Boldi, 1995:Sprites, ELF transients and positive ground strokes. Science, 269, 1088-1091.

Boccippio, D.J., E.R. Williams, W.A. Lyons, I Baker and R. Boldi, 1994:Sprites, Q-bursts and positive ground strokes. EOS, AGU Fall meeting, p 108.

Boccippio, D., C. Wong, E.R. Williams, R. Boldi, S. Goodman and H. Christian, 1998:Global validation of ELF Q-burst events, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 60, 7-9.

Boccippio, D.J., S. Heckman and S.J. Goodman, 1999:A diagnostic analysis of the Kennedy Space Center LDAR network. Proc. 11th Int. Conf. On Atmos. Elec., 254-257.

Boeck, W.L., O.H. Vaughan, Jr., R. Blakeslee, B. Vonegut, M. Brook and J.M. McKue, 1995: Observations of lightning in the stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1465-1475.

Boeck, W.L., O.H. Vaughan, Jr., R. Blaskeslee, B. Vonnegut and M. Brook, 1992:Lightning induced brightening in the airglow layer. Geophys. Res. Letters, 19, 99-102.

Boeck, W.L., O.H. Vaughan, Jr., R.J. Blakeslee, 1991:Low Light Level TV Images of Terrestrial Lightning as Viewed from Space (abstract), EOS, Trans. AGU, 72, 171.

Boeck, W.L., O.H. Vaughan, Jr., R. Blakeslee, B. Vonnegut, M. Brook ad J. McKune, 1991:Lightning to the upper atmosphere: a vertical light pulse from the top of a thunderstorm as seen by a payload bay TV camera of the Space Shuttle. Proc., Int. Aerospace and Ground Lightning and Static Electricity Conf., Cocoa Beach, 8 pp.

Boeck, W.L. and O.H. Vaughan, Jr., 1990:Lightning Observations from the STS-32 Space Shuttle Mission, EOS, Trans. AGU., 71, 1241.

Boeck, W.L., O.H. Vaughan, Jr., R. Blakeslee, B. Vonnegut and M. Brook, 1992:Lightning induced brightening in the airglow layer. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 99-102.

Boeck, W.L., O.H. Vaughan, R.J. Balkeslee, B. Vonnegut, M. Brook and J. McKine, 1995:Observations of lightning in the stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1465. Boeck, W.L., O.H. Vaughan Jr., R. Blakeslee, B. Vonnegut and M. Brook, 1998:The role of the space shuttle videoapes in the discovery of sprites, jets and elves. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 60, 669-77.

Bohannon, J.L., 1978:Infrasonic pulses from thunderstorms. Master's Thesis, Rice University, Houston, TX. Bohannon, J.L., 1978:Infrasonic thunder: explained, Ph.D. thesis, Rice University, Houston, TX.

Bohannon, J.L., A.A. Few, A.J. Dessler, 1977:Detection of infrasonic thunder from thunderclouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 4, 49.

Book, D., K. Papadopoulos and G.M. Milikh, 1995:Electron runaway in the presence of a magnetic field. EOS, AGU Fall Meeting, p. S64.

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Borst, W.L., E.C. Zipf, 1970:Cross section for electron impact excitation of the (0,0) first negative band of N2+ from threshold to 3 KeV, Phys. Rev., A., 1(3), 979.

Boruki, W., 1994:A photochemical explanation for sprites, EOS, AGU Fall Meeting. Boys, C.V., 1926:Progressive Lightning. Nature, 118, 749-750.

Bragin, Yu. A., 1973:Nature of the lower D region of the ionosphere. Nature, 245, 450-451.

Bragin, Yu A., A.A. Tyutin, A.A. Kocheev and A.A. Tyutin, 1974:Direct measurement of the atmospheric vertical electric field strenght up to 80 km. Cosmic Res., Eng. Trans., 12, 279-280.

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Brasseur, G. and C. Granier, 1992:Mount Pinatubo aerosols, chlorofluorocarbons and ozone depletion. Science, 257, 1239-1242.

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Brook, M., R.W. Henderson and R.B. Pyle, 1988:Positive lightning currents to ground. Proc., Int'l. conf. Atmos Electricity, Uppsala, Sweden, June 13-16.

Brook, M, C. Rhodes, O.H. Vaughan, Jr., R.E. Orville and B. Vonnegut, 1985:Nighttime observations of thunderstorm electrical activity from a high altitude plane. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6111-6120.

Brook, M., M. Nakano, P. Krehbiel and T. Takeuti, 1982:The electrical structure of the Hokuriku winter thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1207-1215.

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Brook, M., M. Stanley, P. Krehbiel, W. Rison, C.B. Moore, C. Barrington-Leigh, D. Suzcynsky, T. Nelson and W. Lyons, 1997:Correlated electric field, video, and photometric evidence of charge transfer within sprites. In Eos Trans. AGU, 78, p.F82.

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